1 kuyini umalaleveva
Umalaleveva uyisifo esibangelwa yizinambuzane esingavinjelwa futhi esingelapheka, esaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "ama-shake" kanye "nomkhuhlane obandayo", futhi ungomunye wezifo ezithathelwanayo ezisongela kakhulu impilo yabantu emhlabeni jikelele.
Umalaleveva yisifo esithathelwanayo esithwalwa yizinambuzane esibangelwa ukulunywa yi-Anopheles noma ukumpontshelwa igazi elivela kubantu abane-plasmodium.
Kunezinhlobo ezine ze-plasmodium parasitic emzimbeni womuntu:
Izindawo ezimbili zobhubhane
Kuze kube manje, ubhubhane lomhlaba wonke lwe-malaria luselubi kakhulu, futhi cishe abantu abangu-40% emhlabeni bahlala ezindaweni ezigcwele i-malaria.
I-malaria iseyisifo esibi kakhulu ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, njengoba kunabantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-500 abahlala ezindaweni ezivame ukuba khona umalaleveva. Njalo ngonyaka, abantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-100 emhlabeni wonke banezimpawu zomtholampilo zomalaleveva, abangama-90% babo basezwekazini lase-Afrika, kanti abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili babulawa umalaleveva minyaka yonke. INingizimu-mpumalanga ne-Asia ephakathi nazo ziyizindawo lapho umalaleveva udlangile khona. Umalaleveva usadlangile eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu.
Ngomhlaka-30 Juni 2021, i-WHO yamemezela ukuthi iShayina iqinisekiswe njengengenawo umalaleveva.
3 indlela yokudluliswa kwe-malaria
01. Ukudluliswa kwegciwane okuthwalwa omiyane
Indlela eyinhloko yokudlulisela:
Ukulunywa umiyane ophethe i-plasmodium.
02. Ukudluliselwa kwegazi
Umalaleveva ozalwa nawo ungabangelwa yi-placenta eyonakele noma igazi likamama elitheleleke nge-plasmodium ngesikhathi sokubeletha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi utheleleke nge-malaria ngokungenisa igazi elitheleleke nge-plasmodium.
4 Izimpawu ezijwayelekile ze-malaria
Kusukela ekuthelelekeni kwabantu nge-plasmodium kuya ekuqaleni (ukushisa komlomo okungaphezu kuka-37.8℃), kubizwa ngokuthi isikhathi sokufukamela.
Isikhathi sokufukamela sihlanganisa isikhathi sonke se-infrared kanye nomjikelezo wokuqala wokuzala wesikhathi esibomvu. I-General vivax malaria, i-ovoid malaria izinsuku ezingu-14, i-falciparum malaria izinsuku ezingu-12, kanye ne-malaria yezinsuku ezintathu izinsuku ezingu-30.
Amanani ahlukene e-protozoa ethelelekile, izinhlobo ezahlukene, amasosha omzimba ahlukene kanye nezindlela ezahlukene zokutheleleka konke kungabangela izikhathi ezahlukene zokufukamela.
Kunezinhlobo zezinambuzane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-long latency ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile, ezingaba yizinyanga ezingu-8 kuya kwezingu-14.
Isikhathi sokufukamela ukutheleleka ngokumpontshelwa igazi siyizinsuku eziyi-7 ~ 10. Umalaleveva wosana olusanda kuzalwa unesikhathi esifushane sokufukamela.
Isikhathi sokufukamela singandiswa kubantu abanesifo esithile sokuzivikela komzimba noma labo abathathe imithi yokuvimbela.
5 Ukuvimbela kanye nokwelapha
01. Umalaleveva usakazwa omiyane. Ukuzivikela komuntu siqu kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukulunywa omiyane. Ikakhulukazi ngaphandle, zama ukugqoka izingubo zokuzivikela, njengemikhono emide namabhulukwe. Isikhumba esiveziwe singambozwa ngesihlanzi somiyane.
02. Yenza umsebenzi omuhle ekuvikeleni umndeni, sebenzisa amanethi omiyane, uvale iminyango nezikrini, bese ufutha imithi yokubulala omiyane ekamelweni lokulala ngaphambi kokulala.
03. Naka ukuhlanzeka kwemvelo, susa udoti nokhula, gcwalisa imigodi yendle, futhi wenze umsebenzi omuhle ekulawuleni omiyane.
ikhambi
I-Macro-Micro kanye ne-Ti-estisungule uchungechunge lwezikhithi zokuthola umalaleveva, ezingasetshenziswa epulatifomu ye-PCR ye-fluorescence, ipulatifomu yokukhulisa i-isothermal kanye nepulatifomu ye-immunochromatography, futhi inikeze ikhambi eliphelele neliphelele lokuxilongwa, ukuqapha ukwelashwa kanye nokubikezela ukutheleleka kwe-plasmodium:
01/ipulatifomu ye-immunochromatographic
I-Plasmodium Falciparum/Plasmodium Vivax AntigenIkhithi Yokuthola
Ikhithi yokuthola i-antigen ye-Plasmodium falciparum
Ikhithi yokuthola i-Plasmodium antigen
Ifanele ukutholwa kwekhwalithi kanye nokuhlonza i-Plasmodium falciparum (PF), i-Plasmodium vivax (PV), i-Plasmodium ovatum (PO) noma i-Plasmodium vivax (PM) egazini lemithambo yegazi noma egazini le-capillary labantu abanezimpawu ze-malaria kanye nezimpawu ze-in vitro, futhi ingenza ukuxilongwa okusizayo kokutheleleka kwe-plasmodium.
Ukusebenza okulula: indlela yezinyathelo ezintathu
Ukugcina nokuthutha izinga lokushisa legumbi: Ukugcina nokuthutha izinga lokushisa legumbi izinyanga ezingu-24.
Imiphumela enembile: ukuzwela okuphezulu kanye nokucacisa.
Ipulatifomu ye-PCR engu-02/fluorescent
Ikhithi yokuthola i-Plasmodium nucleic acid
Ifanele ukutholwa kwekhwalithi kanye nokuhlonza i-Plasmodium falciparum (PF), i-Plasmodium vivax (PV), i-Plasmodium ovatum (PO) noma i-Plasmodium vivax (PM) egazini lemithambo yegazi noma egazini le-capillary labantu abanezimpawu ze-malaria kanye nezimpawu ze-in vitro, futhi ingenza ukuxilongwa okusizayo kokutheleleka kwe-plasmodium.
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yokubhekisela kwangaphakathi: qapha ngokuphelele inqubo yokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokuhlola.
Ukuzwela okuphezulu: Amakhophi ama-5/μL
Ukucaciswa okuphezulu: akukho ukusabela okuhlangene nezifo ezivamile zokuphefumula.
03/Ipulatifomu yokukhulisa izinga lokushisa njalo.
Ikhithi yokuthola i-Plasmodium nucleic acid
Ifanele ukuthola i-plasmodium nucleic acid esezingeni eliphezulu kumasampula egazi angaphandle okusolwa ukuthi athelelekile yi-plasmodium.
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yokubhekisela kwangaphakathi: qapha ngokuphelele inqubo yokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokuhlola.
Ukuzwela okuphezulu: Amakhophi ama-5/μL
Ukucaciswa okuphezulu: akukho ukusabela okuhlangene nezifo ezivamile zokuphefumula.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-26-2024