-Ukuguqula Ukuhlolwa Kwezifo Ezithathelwana Ngocansi Ngephothifoliyo Yokuxilonga Ene-Tiered Multiplex Ekuhambisaneni Neziqondiso Ze-WHO Zika-2025–2026
1.I-Iceberg Ngaphansi Kobuso
Kuleli viki,Ephreli 12–18, 2026, kuphawula iSonto Lokuqwashisa Ngezifo Ezithathelwana Ngocansi. Isihloko saleli sonto sisebenza njengesikhumbuzo esinamandla: umthwalo womhlaba wonke wezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (ama-STI) usalokhu uthathwa kancane kakhulu. Ngokusho kwezilinganiso ze-World Health Organization (WHO), kukhonaamacala amasha e-STI angelapheka angaphezu kwesigidi nsuku zonkephakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka engu-15-49, okulinganiselwa kumacala amasha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-374 ngonyaka. Kodwa-ke, ububanzi obuphelele bamagciwane e-STI budlulela ngale kwezifo ezine ezivamile ezingelapheki (i-chlamydia, i-gonorrhoea, i-syphilis, kanye ne-trichomoniasis). Ihlanganisa uhlu oluhlukahlukene lwamagciwane (isb., i-Mycoplasma genitalium, izinhlobo ze-Ureaplasma, i-Gardnerella vaginalis, i-Group B Streptococcus), amagciwane (izinhlobo zegciwane le-herpes simplex 1 kanye no-2), i-protozoa (i-Trichomonas vaginalis), kanye ne-fungi (izinhlobo ze-Candida) - eziningi zazo ezingabanjwanga emibonweni yendabuko ye-syndromic noma ye-single-pathogen.
Ukungabonakali kokutheleleka okubangelwa izimpawu kusalokhu kuyinselele enkulu ekulawulweni kwezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kutheleleka okuthule akugcini nje ngokuqhubekela phambili ngobuqili kube yisifo sokuvuvukala kwe-pelvic, ukukhulelwa kwe-ectopic, ukungazali, kanye nemiphumela emibi yokukhulelwa, kodwa futhi kusebenza njengezindawo zokudlulisela eziqhubekayo, okukhuthaza ukuvela kokumelana namagciwane - okubaluleke kakhulu kwi-N. gonorrhoeae, lapho i-ceftriaxone manje iyindlela yokugcina ephumelelayo emazweni amaningi.
Ngokuphikisana nalokhu, i-WHO yakhipha ngoJulayi 2025 amamojula amabili abalulekile asekelwe ebufakazini:Iziqondiso Zokuphathwa Kwezifo Ezithathelwana Ngocansi Ezingenazimpawu[1] kanyeIzincomo mayelana nokulethwa kwezinsizakalo zezempilo zokuvimbela nokunakekela izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi[2]. Lokhu kwalandelwa ngoFebhuwari 2026 yi-Incwadi Yokusebenza Ehlanganisiwe Ye-WHO Ngezifo Ezithathelwana Ngocansi[3], ehlanganisa zonke iziqondiso ezijwayelekile ezikhona kulo lonke uhlelo lokuvimbela nokunakekela izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STI). Ngaphezu kwalokho,Isifinyezo sezincomo ze-WHO mayelana nokuhlolwa kwe-HIV kanye nokutheleleka okuthelelwana ngocansi, ukuvimbela, ukwelashwa, ukunakekelwa kanye nokulethwa kwezinsizakalo[4] inikeza ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwesiqondiso samanje. Ndawonye, le mibhalo ikhombisa isiqondiso esicacile:ukwandisa ukuhlolwa kwe-STI okusekelwe ku-nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abangenazo izimpawu, futhi usebenzise amasu okuhlola asebenza kahle, afinyelelekayo, futhi ahlanganisiwe— kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwe-multiplex okuhlanganisa uhla olubanzi lwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane esivivinyweni esisodwa.
Lesi sihloko sakhelwe phezu kwephothifoliyo yokuhlola ama-STI multiplex molecular diagnostic ye-Macro & Micro-Test Biotech Co., Ltd., ehambisana nesiqondiso sakamuva esisekelwe ebufakazini be-WHO. Siveza ngokuhlelekile indlela yokuhlola esezingeni eliphezulu — kusukelaukutholwa kwe-single-target, ukuhlolwa kwe-triplex, 9-plex, 14-plex, kuya ku-18-plex— futhi ikhombisa ukuthi amasu anembile, aguquguqukayo, futhi asebenzayo angabhekana kanjani nezidingo zokuhlolwa kwezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi ezingenazimpawu kuzo zonke izimo zezokwelapha ezahlukene.
1.Ubufakazi Obuyinhloko Obuvela Eziqondisweni Zakamuva Ze-WHO kanye Nemiphumela Yobuchwepheshe Bokuxilonga
2.1 Izincomo Ezisekelwe Ebufakazini Zokuhlolwa Kwezifo Ezithathelwana Ngocansi Ezingenazimpawu
IIziqondiso Zokuphathwa Kwezifo Ezithathelwana Ngocansi Ezingenazimpawu(Julayi 2025)[1], eyathuthukiswa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-GRADE enokubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kanye nokuhlolwa kochwepheshe, igxile ikakhulukazi ezincomweni ezisekelwe ebufakazini bokuhlola i-N. gonorrhoeae kanye ne-C. trachomatis. Lezi ziqondiso zincoma ngokucacile ukuhlolwa okuqondiwe kubantu ababalulekile lapho izinsiza zitholakala khona, okuhlanganisaabesifazane abakhulelwe, intsha ematasa ngokocansi kanye nentsha eneminyaka eyi-10-24, abasebenzi bocansi, kanye nabesilisa abalala namadoda (MSM). Izincomo zemvamisa yokuhlola ziyacacisaokungenani ukuhlolwa kwaminyaka yonke kwabathengisa ngocansi kanye ne-MSM, noma njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithuphalapho kungenzeka khona.
Ukukhishwa kwalezi ziqondiso kubonisa ushintsho olubonakalayo esulweni le-STI lomhlaba wonke — kusukela “elinezimpawu” kuya “ekuhlolweni okusebenzayo.” Njengoba uDkt. Meg Doherty, uMqondisi we-WHO's Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programs, eshilo: “Lezi zincomo ezintsha zihlose ukuvala izikhala zenqubomgomo eziqhubekayo kanye nezinsizakalo, ikakhulukazi ze-STI ezingenazo izimpawu, futhi zisize amazwe ukuthi asheshe afinyelele imigomo ka-2030”[1].
2.2 Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinsizakalo kanye Nokuvumelana Komhlaba Wonke Ekuhlolweni Kwe-Multiplex
Ikhishwe ngasikhathi sinyeIzincomo mayelana nokulethwa kwezinsizakalo zezempilo zokuvimbela nokunakekela izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi(Julayi 2025)[2] ikhuthaza izinsizakalo zezempilo ezigxile kubantu ngezinsika ezine:ukusabalalisa izindawo eziningi, ukuhlanganiswa, ukwabelana ngemisebenzi, kanye nempilo yedijithaliOkuphawulekayo ukuthi ngoSepthemba 2025, i-WHO yamemezela ukwakhiwa kweQembu Lokuthuthukiswa Kweziqondiso ukuze kuthuthukisweiziqondiso zomhlaba wonke ezisekelwe ebufakazini bokuqala mayelana nokuhlolwa kwe-multiplex, ikakhulukazi ekubhekaneni ne-HIV, i-hepatitis ebangelwa yigciwane, kanye nezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi [5]. I-WHO ichaza ukuhlolwa kwe-multiplex “njengenqubo esebenzisa isampula eyodwa kanye nokuhlolwa okukodwa noma ipulatifomu ukuthola izifo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa” futhi iphawula ukuthi “kuyisu elithembisayo lokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukwandisa ukumbozwa kokuhlolwa kuzo zonke izifo, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko” [5].
Lokhu kubonisa ukuthiI-NAAT eningi ishintshe kusukela enkambisweni yelabhorethri yaba ithuluzi eliyinhloko lesu lezempilo yomphakathi emhlabeni jikeleleEzimweni ezilinganiselwe ngezinsizakusebenza, ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-multi-pathogen okwenziwa kanye kuphela kuzothuthukisa kakhulu ukufinyeleleka kokuhlolwa kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko -- kufaneleka kakhulu ekuhlolweni okukhulu kwabantu abangenazo izimpawu kanye nokubhekwa njalo kwamaqembu asengozini enkulu.
2.3 Incwadi Yokusebenza Ehlanganisiwe Ka-2026: Igunya Eliyisu Lokuhlola I-Multiplex
I-WHO Consolidated Operational Handbook on STIs (uFebhuwari 2026)[3] inikeza uhlaka lokusebenza lokuhlanganisa izinsizakalo ze-STI kuzo zonke izinkundla zokunakekelwa okuyisisekelo, umphakathi, i-HIV, impilo yokuzala, kanye nezempilo kamama nengane. Ngesu lokuxilonga, kuvela imigomo emithathu ebalulekile:
Ukuhlanganiswa kuzo zonke izinkundla— kudinga amathuluzi okuxilonga asebenza ngokuthembekile ngezinhlobo eziningi zamasampula (umchamo, urethral, umlomo wesibeletho, ama-swabs esitho sangasese sowesifazane)
Ukuxhaswa ngezimali okusimeme— njengoba amazwe eshintsha ekusekeleni abanikeli aye kwisabelomali sasekhaya, ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko kuba yinto ebalulekile. I-Multiplex NAAT yehlisa izindleko ze-reagent ngayinye yegciwane, isikhathi sokusebenza, kanye nesikhathi sokuguqula uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa okuningi kwe-single-target, okuvumela ukumbozwa okwandisiwe ngaphandle kokutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda okulingana.
Ukuphathwa kwe-antimicrobial— ukuhlonza okuphelele kwe-pathogen kusekela ukwelashwa okuqondiwe kunokwelashwa okubonakalayo, isu elibalulekile lokunciphisa ukumelana namagciwane e-N. gonorrhoeae.
3. Iphothifoliyo Yomkhiqizo Wokuhlola I-STI Esezingeni Eliphezulu kanye Nele-Macro-Test
3.1 Ifilosofi Yokuklama: Kusukela Ekuqondeni Okuqondile Kokuqondiwe Okukodwa Kuya Ekumbozweni Okubanzi
Ngokusekelwe ezidingweni ezisekelwe ebufakazini zokuhlolwa kwe-STI engenazimpawu ezivela eziqondisweni ze-WHO[1,2,4] kanye nokuvumelana komhlaba wonke ngokuhlolwa kwe-multiplex njengesu lezempilo yomphakathi[5], i-Macro & Micro-Test yakhe iphothifoliyo yokuhlola i-STI nucleic acid esezingeni eliphezulu evela ku-i-single-target kuya ku-ultra-broad-spectrumukutholwa. Yonke imikhiqizo iyasetshenziswaI-PCR ye-FluorescencenomaI-Enzymatic Probe Isothermal Amplification (EPIA)amapulatifomu, anezinhlobo zamasampula ezimboza umchamo, ama-swab esilisa e-urethra, ama-swab esibeletho sabesifazane, kanye nama-swab esitho sangasese sowesifazane, okuhambisana nezimo ezahlukahlukene zezokwelapha kanye nezidingo zokuhlolwa kwabantu.
| Iphaneli | Ububanzi Bokuhlosiwe | Izinhlobo Zesampula | I-LoD | Isicelo Sezokwelapha |
| I-Target Eyodwa | I-pathogen eyodwa | Ama-swabs / umchamo | Amakhophi angu-400–1000/mL | Ukutheleleka okusolwayo okubangelwa izimpawu, ukuqapha ukwelashwa |
| I-Triplex | Izinhlanganisela ezintathu ezivamile ze-pathogen | Ama-swabs / umchamo | Amakhophi angu-400–1000/mL | Ukuhlolwa kwezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi njalo, ukuhlolwa kokukhulelwa kusenesikhathi |
| I-7-Plex | NG, CT, UU, HSV1, HSV2, Mh, Mg | Ama-swabs / umchamo | Amakhophi angu-400–1000/mL | Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokutheleleka kwe-polymicrobial kubantu abaningi kanye nabantu abasengozini enkulu |
| I-9-Plex | CT, NG, Mh, HSV1, UU, HSV2, UP, MG, TV | Ama-swabs / umchamo | Amakhophi angu-400–1000/mL | Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokutheleleka kwe-polymicrobial kubantu abaningi kanye nabantu abasengozini enkulu |
| 14-Plex | I-CT, i-MG, i-MH, i-HSV1, i-HSV2, i-UU, i-UP, i-MG, i-CA, i-GV, i-TV, i-GBS, i-HD, i-TP | Ama-swabs / umchamo | Amakhophi angu-400–1000/mL | Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokutheleleka kwe-polymicrobial kubantu abaningi kanye nabantu abasengozini enkulu |
| 18-Plex | I-CT, NG, Mh, HSV1, UU, HSV2, UP, MG, CA, GV, TV, GBS, HD, TP, CKR, CG, CPA ,CTR | Ama-swabs / umchamo | Amakhophi angu-400–1000/mL | Iphelele kakhulu ekuthelelekeni kwe-polymicrobial ngokuvamile, uphenyo lwe-etiological lwamacala ayinkimbinkimbi, aphindaphindayo, noma angaphenduli; ucwaningo kanye ne-epidemiology |
3.2 Ukutholwa Kwe-One-Target: Indawo Eqondile Nokuxilongwa Okuqondile
Kubantu ababonisa izimpawu zomtholampilo ezicacile noma labo abanemiphumela yokuhlolwa kokuqala ekhombisa igciwane elithile, i-NAAT eqondiwe eyodwa inikeza izindlela ezinembile nezingabizi kakhulu zokuqinisekisa. I-Macro & Micro-Test inikeza amakhithi e-target eyodwa amboza zonke izifo ezinkulu ze-STI, okuhlanganisa i-CT, NG, UU, Mh, MG, TV, HSV1/2, TP, kanye nezinhlobo ze-Candida, ngokuzwela kokuhlaziya okuphansi njengeAmakhophi angu-50/ukusabela(isb., ikhithi yokuthola i-HWTS-UR007 HSV-2), enikeza ukucaca okuphezulu okunikeza ubufakazi obucacile bemvelaphi ukuze kuqondiswe ukwelashwa okunembile kanye nokuphathwa kozakwethu.
Indawo yomtholampilo:Ukuqinisekiswa kokutheleleka kwe-STI okusolwayo okunezimpawu; ukuqapha kwama-molecule okusebenza kahle kwama-antibiotic; ukuhlolwa okuqondiwe ngemuva kokuchayeka okuthile okuyingozi enkulu.
3.3 Ukuhlolwa kwe-Triplex: Ukukhetha Komugqa Wokuqala Kokuhlola Okuyisisekelo
Imikhiqizo ye-Triplex isebenza ngenkuthalo ekuhlolweni kwe-STI okuvamile. Isekelwe ekugcizelelweni okukhethekile kweziqondiso ze-WHO zango-2025 ekuhlolweni kwe-CT ne-NG [1] kanye nokucabangela amaphrofayili e-epidemiological yesifunda, i-Macro & Micro-Test ithuthukise izinhlanganisela eziningana ze-triplex:
-I-HWTS-UR019 (CT + UU + NG): Ihlanganisa inhlanganisela ye-STI yamabhaktheriya evame kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele;-I-HWTS-UR043 (CT + UU + MG): Nge-Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), eseyiyinto eza kuqala emtholampilo ngenxa yokumelana okuvelayo.
-I-HWTS-UR044 (Mh + UU + GV): Kwamagciwane avamile ahlobene ne-bacterial vaginosis kanye nokutheleleka okuxubile kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane.
-I-HWTS-UR041 (CT + NG + TV): Ihlanganisa inhlanganisela evamile yezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye ne-protozoal.
Indawo yomtholampilo:Ukuhlolwa kwempilo ye-STI okuvamile kanye nokuhlolwa kokukhulelwa kusenesikhathi (ukuvimbela ukudluliselwa kwegciwane kusuka kumama kuya enganeni); ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo konyaka noma kwengxenye yonyaka kwabantu abasengozini enkulu (intsha, i-MSM, izisebenzi zocansi).
3.4 Ukuhlolwa kwe-7-Plex kanye ne-9-Plex: Izinketho Ezithuthukisiwe Zokuhlola Okuphelele
Uma ukuhlolwa kwengozi yezokwelapha kuphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukutheleleka okuningi ngasikhathi sinye noma isidingo sokuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwemiphakathi esengozini enkulu, imikhiqizo ye-7-plex kanye ne-9-plex inikeza ukumbozwa okuphezulu kokutholwa.
-I-HWTS-UR012 (7-Plex): Ihlose i-NG, i-CT, i-UU, i-HSV1, i-HSV2, i-Mh, kanye ne-Mg, ehlanganisa amagciwane avamile e-STI amagciwane, amagciwane, kanye ne-mycoplasmal. I-LoD: amakhophi angu-400/mL kubo bonke ngaphandle kwe-Mh (amakhophi angu-1000/mL).
-I-HWTS-UR048 (9-Plex): Ithola i-CT, NG, Mh, HSV1, UU, HSV2, UP, MG, kanye ne-TV, amagciwane angu-9 amboza i-gonococcus, i-chlamydia, i-mycoplasmas (kufaka phakathi i-Ureaplasma parvum), igciwane le-herpes simplex, kanye ne-Trichomonas vaginalis, emelela elinye lamaphaneli aphelele kakhulu ekilasini layo.
Indawo yomtholampilo:Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwe-STI kokusetshenziswa okuvamile kwemitholampilo kubantu abaningi, okuhlanganisa nabantu abanezimpawu kanye nabantu abangenazo izimpawu; ukuhlolwa kwangaphambi kokukhulelwa kanye nokuhlolwa kokukhulelwa; kanye nokuhlolwa kwesibili lapho ukuhlolwa kokuqala okuqondiwe kuveza imiphumela emibi naphezu kokusolwa okuqhubekayo kwemitholampilo.
3.5 Ukuhlolwa kwe-14-Plex: Ukuhlolwa kwe-Broad-Spectrum Okungaphuthelwa yi-Pathogen “Ethule”
Umkhiqizo we-14-Plex umelela ukuqashelwa kobuchwepheshe komqondo "wokuhlola okusebenzayo" okhuthazwa yiziqondiso ze-WHO[1,2].I-HWTS-UR040ithola ngesikhathi esifanayoIzifo ezingu-14 zendlela yokuzala: CT, NG, Mh, HSV1, HSV2, UU, UP, MG, CA, GV, TV, GBS, HD, kanye ne-TP. Leli phaneli lihlanganisa:
-Amabhaktheriya: CT, NG, GV, GBS (Iqembu B Streptococcus, okugxilwe kukho ekukhulelweni)
-Ama-Mycoplasmas: Mh, UU, UP, MG (zonke izinhlobo ezine ezivamile ze-mycoplasma)
-Amagciwane: HSV1, HSV2, HD
-I-Protozoa: I-TV (i-Trichomonas vaginalis)
-Ama-SpirochetesI-TP (Treponema pallidum, ugcunsula)
Leli phaneli lilinganisa ngokuseduze imodeli yokuhlola "yesampula eyodwa, uphenyo oluphelele" efanelekile, efanelekile ikakhulukazi ekuhlolweni okuhlelekile kwe-etiological lapho izimpawu ezicacile noma izindawo zokutheleleka zingekho.
Indawo yomtholampilo:Ukungakhululeki okungapheli okungachazeki kwe-genitourinary; ukutheleleka nge-STI okuphindaphindiwe; ukuhlolwa kokutheleleka kwe-genitourinary okuhlobene nokungazali; uphenyo olukhethekile lwezifo kubantu.
3.6 Ukuhlolwa kwe-18-Plex: “Izinga Legolide” Elibanzi Kakhulu
I-HWTS-UR052iyiphaneli yokuthola i-STI multiplex ebanzi kakhulu ye-Macro & Micro-Test kuze kube manje, ethola ngasikhathi sinyeIzifo ezingu-18 zokutheleleka kwe-genitourinary tract: CT, NG, Mh, HSV1, UU, HSV2, UP, MG, CA, GV, TV, GBS, HD, TP, CKR, CG, CPA, kanye ne-CTR. Ngokwakhela phezu kwephaneli engu-14-Plex, lokhu kunikezwa kwandisa ukumbozwa kuze kube seqophelweni elibanzi kakhulu le-pathogen, okuhlanganisa:
-I-Chlamydia trachomatisokuhlobene: i-CKR, i-CG, i-CTR (uhlobo lwe-chlamydial kanye namagciwane ahlobene)
-I-Candidaizinhlobo: i-CA (i-Candida albicans) — isifo esivame kakhulu sefungus esithinta amathuba esithweni sangasese sowesifazane
Ukusabalala kwamagciwane okwandisiwe: Kubandakanya i-Gardnerella vaginalis kanye ne-Group B Streptococcus
Indawo yomtholampilo:Uphenyo olunzulu kakhulu lwezifo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-genitourinary; ucwaningo kanye nokuqapha kwezifo; amacala anzima anemiphumela emibi ngemva kokuhlolwa kwephaneli okujwayelekile; ukuhlolwa kwe-STI ejulile ezikhungweni zokuhlolwa kwezempilo zekhwalithi ephezulu.
4.Ukuphendula i-WHO'Isicelo Sokwakha Umngcele Omusha Wokuvimbela Nokulawula Izifo Ezithathelwana Ngocansi
Iziqondiso ze-WHO zango-2025-2026 zifuna ukuhlolwa okwandayo okungenazimpawu, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinsizakalo, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-multiplex.I-matrix yomkhiqizo wokuhlola ama-molecular we-STI multiplex we-Macro & Micro-Test, enomklamo wayo ohlukaniswe kusukela ekutholakaleni kwe-single-target kuya ku-18-plex, kuyimpendulo eqondile kuleli cebo lezempilo lomhlaba wonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-triplex okuvamile okwenziwa ezikhungweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo okuyisisekelo noma uphenyo olujulile olusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwe-14-plex noma kwe-18-plex ezibhedlela eziphakeme kanye nasemalabhorethri e-CDC, imikhiqizo yethu inikeza ukuzwela okuphezulu (amakhophi angu-400/mL okungenani), ukukhishwa okuphezulu, kanye nokucaciswa okuphezulu.
NgeSonto Lokuqwashisa Ngezifo Ezithathelwana Ngocansi 2026 (Ephreli 12-18), i-Macro & Micro-Test iqinisekisa ukuzibophezela kwayo ekusekeleni ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi kanye nokwenza izikhungo zezempilo zikwazi ukwamukela amasu e-multiplex asekelwe ku-NAAT - ukuqhubekela phambili ndawonye ekufinyeleleni imigomo ye-WHO ka-2030 yokunciphisa amacala amasha e-syphilis, i-gonorrhea, i-chlamydia kanye ne-trichomoniasis, kanye nokuqeda ubhubhane lwe-STI.
Ukuthula akusikho ukuphepha— I-Macro & Micro-Test inikeza izwi ezifweni ezithule.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe:marketing@mmtest.com
Izinkomba
[1] Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba. Iziqondiso zokuphathwa kwezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi ezingenazimpawu. IGeneva: Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba; 2025.
[2] Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba. Izincomo mayelana nokulethwa kwezinsizakalo zezempilo zokuvimbela nokunakekela izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi. IGeneva: Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba; 2025.
[3] Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba. Incwadi yemiyalelo yokusebenza ehlanganisiwe ye-WHO mayelana nezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi. IGeneva: Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba; 2026.
[4] Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba. Ukubuka konke kwezincomo ze-WHO mayelana nokuhlolwa kwe-HIV kanye nokutheleleka okuthelelwana ngocansi, ukuvimbela, ukwelashwa, ukunakekelwa kanye nokulethwa kwezinsizakalo. IGeneva: Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba; 2025.
[5] Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba. I-WHO imemezela ukuthuthukiswa kweziqondiso zokuhlolwa kwe-multiplex. I-Geneva: Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba; 2025.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-13-2026